1.THE HISTORY OF MEDAN

In the book The History of Medan written by Tengku Luckman Sinar (1991), it was written that according to "Aceh Hikayat", Medan as a port had existed in 1590, and had been destroyed during the attack of the Sultan of Aceh Alauddin Saidi Mukammil to the ruling King Haru there. Similar attacks were carried out by Sultan Iskandar Muda in 1613, against the Deli Sultanate. Since the end of the 16th century, Haru's name changed to Ghuri, and finally in the early 17th century it became a Deli. The constant battle between Haru and Aceh resulted in the population of Haru being greatly reduced. As a conquered area, many of its citizens were transferred to Aceh to be used as manual laborers.

In addition to Aceh, the prosperous Haru Kingdom was also recorded as being frequently involved in fighting with the Malay Kingdom in the Malacca Peninsula and also with the kingdom from Java. This attack from Java Island was recorded in the Pararaton book known as the Pamalayu Expedition. In Negarakertagama, Mpu Prapanca also wrote that besides Pane (Panai), Majapahit also conquered Kampe (Kampai) and Harw (Haru). The reduced population of the eastern coast of Sumatra due to various wars, then followed by the start of the flowing of tribes from the inland highlands down to the east coast of Sumatra. The Karo tribe migrated to the coastal areas of Langkat, Serdang and Deli. The Simalungun tribe goes to the coastal areas of Batubara and Asahan, as well as the Mandailing tribes to the Kualuh beach area, Kota Pinang, Panai, and Bilah.

In the History of Silver Overlay the original document was written in Karo letters on a bamboo blade series, it was noted that the Patimpus Teacher, a Karo community figure, was the first to open a "village" named Medan. However, the original manuscript of the History of Silver Overlays stored in the house of Datuk Hamparan Perak last had been burned down during a "social riot", precisely on March 4, 1946. Patimpus were children of Tuan Si Raja Hita, Karo leader who lived in Kampung Pekan (Pakan). He refused to replace his father and was more interested in science and mysticism, so that he eventually became known as the Guru Patimpus. Between 1614-1630 AD, he studied Islam and was Islamized by Datuk Kota Bangun, after losing the magic match. Then Teacher Patimpus married Tarigan's younger brother, the regional leader now called Brayan Island and opened the Medan Village which was located between the Babura and Deli Rivers. He then led the village.

Teacher Patimpus Sembiring Pelawi in 1590 was then seen as the opening of a village called Medan Puteri, although there was very little data about Guru Patimpus as the founder of Medan City. The location is located in Tanah Deli, so since the colonial era people always combined Medan with Deli (Medan-Deli). After the era of independence, the term Medan Deli gradually disappeared so that it eventually became less popular.

In the past people named Tanah Deli starting from Sungai Ular (Deli Serdang) to Sungai Wampu in Langkat while the Deli Sultanate in power at that time did not cover the area between the two rivers.

According to Volker, in 1860 Medan was still a jungle and here and there mainly river mouths interspersed with settlements from Karo and the Malay peninsula. In 1863 the Dutch began to open Tobacco gardens in Deli which had become the belle of Tanah Deli. Since then the economy has continued to develop so that Medan has become a central city of government and economy in North Sumatra.

At the beginning of its development was a small village called "Medan Putri". The development of the "Medan Putri" village is inseparable from its strategic position because it is located at the confluence of the Deli and Babura rivers, not far from the Putri Hijau road now. Both rivers in the past were quite busy trading traffic lanes, so that the "Medan Putri" Village which was the forerunner of Medan City, quickly developed into a very important transit port.

More and more people came to this village and Teacher's wife Patimpus who founded Medan village gave birth to her first child a man and was named the Kolok. The eyes of the search for people in Medan Village that they named with the Ten Ten Kuta are farming pepper. Not long after that the second child of the Teacher was born, and even this boy was called the Kecik.

In his day the Guru Patimpus was classified as a person of advanced thought. This was proven by telling his children to study (study) reading the Qur'an to Datuk Kota Bangun and then to deepen the religion of Islam to Aceh.

This statement confirms that the existence of Medan Village is the statement of H. Muhammad Said quoting through Deli: In Woord en Beeld written by N. ten Cate. The statement said that in the past, Medan Village was a fortress and the rest still consisted of a two-layer roundabout wall which was found between two rivers, Deli River and Babura River. The Administrateur house is located across the river from Medan village. If we see that the location of Medan Village is at Wisma Benteng now and the Administrateur house is the current PTP IX Deli Tobacco office.

In 1998, from 1 to 12 May, Medan was hit by a major riot which became the starting point of major riots that later occurred throughout Indonesia, including the May 1998 incident in Jakarta a week later. In the riots associated with the "Reform" movement, there was arson, destruction, and looting that the security forces could not stop.

On the duration of the Trisakti Tragedy to the May 1998 Riots during May 12 to now because it cannot work office and education anymore, the time is ahead of the public holidays during the mass media, while Polonia International Airport is open 24 hours a day. On May 21 right at 2:00 p.m. as a major public holiday, the closing ceremony had stopped airports from all gathering to move to Kuala Lumpur (the capital of Malaysia) that did not return to their homes and airports to their airplanes. Malaysian Airlines flight Airbus A330 arrives at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (formerly Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport) from the Subang Jaya area, Petaling City, Bagan State Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia Region, Malaysia.

Currently the city of Medan has returned to glow. Construction of public facilities and infrastructure is intensively carried out. Although the number of damaged, hollow roads still exists, but when compared to the past, it has been greatly decreased. adequate road facilities.

2.ACEH STORY

Aceh (Dutch: Atchin or Acheh, English: Achin, French: Achen or Acheh, Arabic: Asyi, Portuguese: Achen or Achem, Chinese: A-tsi or Ache) [1] [2] now known as the province of Aceh, it is estimated to have a substrate (lower layer) of the Mon-Khmer language family [3] with the division of other languages ​​such as the southern part using Aneuk Jame while the Middle, Southeast, and East languages ​​use the Gayo language for the southeast using Alas language. the east is further east using the Tamiang language with the Klut ethnic group in the south using the Klut language while the Simeulue language uses the Simeulue language but each of these local languages ​​can also be divided into dialects. Acehnese language, for example, is talking with a little difference in Aceh Besar, in Pidie, and in North Aceh. Likewise, in the Gayo language there is Gayo Lut, Gayo Deret, and the Gayo Lues dialect and other ethnic groups Singkil which is in the southeast (Tanoh Alas) uses the Singkil language. Other historical sources can be obtained, among others, from the Acehnese Hikayat, Hikayat Rajah Aceh and Hikayat Prang Sabi which are derived from narrative history which are then generally written in Jawi (Jawoe) scripts. But as the weaknesses of the narrative history based on the chapters it turns out according to Prof. Ibrahim Alfian that the Hikayat Prang Sabi manuscript (Aceh: Hikayat Sabil War) has many versions and one with another there are differences as well as the 1710 version of the Sabil War Hikayat in the Leiden University library in the Netherlands. [4] 

Mon-Khmer language family:

Brao Language, Kreung Language, Language of Ability, Bunong Language and Kui Language.

Paleography of the Mon-Khmer language family.

Some believe that the origin of the Acehnese was "Mantir tribe" (or in the Acehnese language: Mantee) [5] which was associated with "Spells" in Malacca and Mon-Khmer-speaking people. [6] According to the historical sources of other narratives, it is stated that especially the people of Aceh. Great place of residence in Seumileuk village which is also called Rumoh Dua Blaih village (Rumoh 12 village), located above Seulimeum ​​between Jantho village and Tangse. Seumileuk means a wide plain and Mantir then spreads to the entire Aceh valley three facets and then moves to other places. [

Early history [edit | edit source]

Location of Aceh Besar

In the chronic book source of the kingdom of Liang [10] and the Sui kingdom [11] in China it was mentioned around 506 to 581 AD there was a Poly kingdom whose territory included Aceh Besar [12] [13] while in Nāgarakṛtāgamadi called the Lamuri Kingdom [14] which in the source of Arabic history is called Lamkrek, Lam Urik, Rami, Ramni while and in other Chinese historical sources is also called by the name Lan Li, Lan-wuli or Lan Wo Li with a sea port named Ilamuridesam as Marco Polo also wrote and wrote (1292) from Venice in a book on a return trip from China to Persia (Iran) [15] [16] when it was still under the influence of the sovereignty of the Srivijaya kingdom under the Syailendra dynasty with its first king Balaputradewa, based in Palembang, South Sumatra was strong and its territory expanded, including Tulang Bawang, Bangka Island, Jambi, Genting Kra and the island of Java which later built the Bor obudur. [17]

Trade routes in South East Asia in the twelfth century.

When the Srivijaya kingdom was reaching its peak and prosperity which played a decisive role by setting a pattern of trade consisting of three layers namely the main port and warehousing in Palembang while sub-regional ports and warehouses such as Ilamuridesam (Lamuri), Takuapa (Kedah), Jambi and Lampung subsequently followed by Sungsang and several other small porters using the Musi river channel where in the hegemony of this trade flow the kingdom received tribute prosperity turned out to invite the arrival of King Rajendra Chola's fleet expedition from southern India Chola in 1025 by carrying out attacks on all ports in Sriwijaya including Ilamuridesam (Lamuri) and the destroyed Takuapa (Kedah) become silent as narrated in the Tanjore 1030 inscription in India which says that in sending a number of very large ships into the midst of the undulating sea while destroying arma da elephants are large from the kingdom of Sriwijaya malay and seize property that is very much following the gate is very beautiful decorated quality, the gates of large stones and finally the King of Srivijaya named Sanggrama Wijayatunggawarman can be captured and released after claiming submission, [18 ] not long after the Chola fleet returned to its country while a number of others settled and became part of the population, from this it can be concluded that the attack was intended to secure or take over the trade route in the Malacca Strait which at that time was an important international trade route rather than carrying out an occupation when Sriwijaya's military and diplomatic power was weakening [19] because it was more focused on the development of trade. [20] since this defeat the authority of the Srivijaya kingdom began to decline drastically which provided opportunities for the kingdoms that were once under Srivijaya sovereignty began to enlarge and regain full sovereignty. Nevertheless the existence of Sriwijaya only ended in 1377.

Samudera Pasai [edit | edit source]

 The main article for this section is: Sultanate of Samudera Pasai

the Samudera-Pasai Islamic kingdom in Aceh with its king Malik Al Saleh and forwarded by his grandson Malik Al Zahir

Era Malik Al Saleh [edit | edit source]

Before the Ottoman dynasty in Turkey stood in 699 H-1341 H or coincided with the year 1385 AD-1923 AD, it turned out that far away in the eastern part of the world, in the world of Asia, the Islamic kingdom of Samudera-Pasai in the Aceh region was founded by Meurah Silu (Meurah means Maharaja in Acehnese) who immediately changed his name after entering Islam with the name Malik al-Saleh who died in 1297. Where his successor was not clear, but in 1345 Samudera-Pasai was ruled by Malik Al Zahir, Malik al-Saleh's grandson. According to the Hikayat of the Kings of Pasai, this kingdom was also attacked by siam soldiers during the reign of Sultan Maliku'l-Nassar, and the attack was successfully dispelled when the Sultan of Maliku'l-Mahmud arrived and succeeded in killing the leader of the Siamese Forces, Talak Sejang 

Samudera Pasai's politics is in conflict with Gajah Mada's Politics.

Gajah Mada who was appointed as the patih at Kahuripan (1319-1321) by Jayanagara from Majapahit. And in 1331, Gajah Mada became a Majapahit mahapatih who was appointed by Queen Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi.

It was during the inauguration of Gajah Mada to become a Majapahit mahapatih that his words came out called the palapa oath which contained "he would not enjoy palapa before the entire assembly was under the Majapahit kingdom". According to the Hikayat of the Kings of Pasai, Majapahit attacks were reported to Pasai in the peme era.

3.PALEMBANG

Early History of Standing in Palembang City - Palembang City is the capital of the province of South Sumatra. Palembang is one of the second largest cities in Sumatra after the city of Medan. The city of Palembang has an area of ​​358.55 km² which is inhabited by 1.7 million people with a population density of 4,800 per km². This city will be planned to be the capital of Indonesia. It is predicted that by 2030 the city will be inhabited by 2.5 million people or more.

The history of Palembang, once the capital of the largest Buddhist maritime kingdom in Southeast Asia at the time, the Srivijaya Kingdom, which dominated the Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula in the 9th century also made this city known as the "Bumi Sriwijaya".

History of the Establishment of Palembang City:

The city of Palembang is one of the cities (formerly the level II region had the status of a municipality) and was also the capital of South Sumatra Province. Palembang is the second largest city in Sumatra after Medan. This city was once the center of the Srivijaya Kingdom before moving to Jambi. Bukit Siguntang, in West Palembang, many people are still blessed and are considered a former center of holiness in the past.

 Palembang is the oldest city in Indonesia, this is based on the Kedukan Bukit inscription (683 AD) which was found in Siguntang Hill, west of Palembang City, which states the formation of a wanua which is interpreted as the city which was the capital of the Srivijaya Kingdom on June 16, 683 AD ( 5th of Ashada in 605 syaka). Then the date is used as a benchmark for the birth day of Palembang City.

At that time the Sriwijaya rulers were founded Wanua in what is now known as the city of Palembang. According to the topography, the city is surrounded by water, even submerged in water. The water is sourced from both rivers and swamps, as well as rainwater. Even today the city of Palembang still has 52.24% of land that is inundated by water (Statistics 1990). Possibly because of these conditions, the ancestors of the people of this city named this city as the lembang in the Malay language Pa or Pe as a sign of a place or condition; whereas lembang or lembeng means low land, a swollen root valley because it has long been submerged in water (according to the Malay dictionary), whereas according to Malay-Palembang language, lembang or lembeng is a puddle of water. So Palembang is a place that is flooded by water.

This natural condition for the ancestors of Palembang people became their capital to use it. Water is a means of transportation that is very vital, economical, efficient and has reach and has a high speed. In addition to natural conditions, also the strategic location of this city which is in a network that is able to control traffic between three territorial entities:

West Sumatra's high land, namely:

- Bukit Barisan Mountains.

- Hillside areas or piedmonts and confluence of tributaries when entering the lowlands.

- Northeast coastal area.

These three territorial entities are local factors that are very decisive in the formation of cultural patterns that are civilized. Local factors in the form of networks and commodities with high frequency have been formed first and succeeded in encouraging local people to create high cultural growth patterns in South Sumatra. These local factors make Palembang the capital of Srivijaya, which is a political and economic power in classical times in the Southeast Asian region. The triumph of Srivijaya was taken by the Palembang Darusallam Sultanate in the middle ages as a respected sultanate in the archipelago as well as other forms of government in Southeast Asia during that time, the form is known as Port-polity. Understanding Port-polity simply begins as a redistribution center, which is slowly taking over a number of forms of increasing progress contained in the broad spectrum. The center of growth of a Polity is the entreport which produces additional wealth and cultural contacts. These results were obtained by local leaders. (in Srivijaya terms the term is datu), with this result the basis for the use of economic power and political control in Southeast Asia.

There is an interesting inscription from the Chinese chronicle Chu-Fan-Chi written by Chau Ju-Kua in the 14th century, which tells of Srivijaya as follows: The country is located in the South Sea, controlling foreign trade traffic in the Strait. In ancient times the harbor used an iron chain to hold pirates who meant evil. If there are foreign boats coming, the chain is lowered. After the safe situation returns, the chain is removed. The boats that pass without stop at the port are surrounded by royal boats and dise

4.PADANG HISTORY

The History of the Establishment of Padang City cannot be separated from a long story about the struggle. The charm of the beauty of the capital of West Sumatra has attracted tourists to visit. In addition, the influence of the Padang city has also spread throughout the country through the establishment of the Padang restaurant.

Not only domestically, the Padang restaurant is also found in Manacanegara with an appetizing food menu, for example rendang. Besides the food, Padang also has a very thick culture. Well, I have been impatient to know about the city of Padang. The following is the review.

1.History of the Establishment of Padang City

Padang City is actually a migrant area. This area is inhabited by Minangkabau migrants who come from the highlands or better known as darek. At first, they occupied the village area in the southern suburb, Batang Arau. At this time, the region was given the name Seberang Pebayan.

In ancient times, this region was under the influence of Pagaruyung's power. However, around the 17th century, this region entered the sovereignty of the Aceh Sultanate. The presence of migrants to this city brought rapid development. These migrants, establish and advance the economy of the city of Padang. It was this development that ultimately led to the formation of a government structure.

However, the arrival of Dutch colonizers abolished the influence of the Aceh Sultanate in the region. In 1663 the VOC came to Padang and then became interested in building new ports and settlements in western Sumatra. It aims to facilitate access to trade entry with inland regions in Minangkabau. In the end, the Dutch slowly succeeded in implanting their influence along the West coast of Sumatra.

In addition, the Netherlands also wants to continue the cooperative relationship in terms of trade and distribution of gold to the city by sending a letter to King Pagaruyung. On August 7, 1669 there was an upheaval between the people of Pauh and Koto Tangah. The date is then used as the basis for the birth of Padang City. However, in the end the upheaval could be overcome by the VOC which made the situation safe and under control.

Padang City then developed rapidly and crowded. So as to make the area suitable for distributing crops from the Minangkabau interior. The VOC continues to make efforts to get greater profits. One of them is by contracting with the government of Padang and then finally succeeding in monopolizing and obtaining profits. With this contract, the Dutch got big profits. This is evidenced by the record since 1770 the deployment of 0.3 billion pikul of pepper and 0.2 billion guilders of gold per year from the Port of Muara.After the Indonesian independence proclamation, Mr. Abubakar Jaar was appointed the first mayor of the city of Padang in the Republic of Indonesia. He was a tutor since the Dutch era who later became a resident in Nort  Sumatra.

 

5.PEKAN BARU HISTORY

The city of Pekanbaru is the capital and largest city in the province of Riau, Indonesia. The city is one of the largest economic centers in the eastern part of Sumatra Island, [2] and is included as a city with a high rate of growth, migration and urbanization. [3] The city originated from a market (weekend) established by Minangkabau traders on the banks of the Siak River in the 18th century. The anniversary of the city was set on June 23, 1784. The city of Pekanbaru grew rapidly with the development of industries, especially those related to petroleum, and the implementation of regional autonomy.

Pekanbaru has one international airport, namely Sultan Syarif Kasim II Airport and intercity bus terminals and between Bandar Raya Payung Sekaki provinces, as well as two ports in the Siak River, namely Pelita Pantai and Sungai Duku. Currently the city of Pekanbaru is developing rapidly into a multi-ethnic trading city, this diversity has become a social capital in achieving common interests to be utilized for the welfare of its people. [4]

The development of this city at first was inseparable from the function of the Siak River as a means of transportation in distributing agricultural produce from the interior and plateau of Minangkabauke coastal area of ​​the Malacca Strait. In the 18th century, the Senapelan region on the banks of the Siak River became a market (week) for Minangkabau traders. [5] Over time, this area developed into a crowded residential area. This could not be separated from the role of Sultan Siak to the 4th Sultan Alamuddin Syah who moved the center of Siak power from Mempura to Senapelan in 1762 in order to avoid Dutch interference in the affairs of the royal family, after previously he succeeded in ascending the throne by shifting his nephew Sultan Ismail with the help of the Dutch . The week he built in this place was then supported by road access that connects with pepper producing areas, gambier, resin, wood, rattan, and others. The road goes south to Teratak Buluh and Buluh Cinadan and to the west it reaches Bangkinang and continues to Rantau Berangin. This week's development was then continued by his son Sultan Muhammad Ali. In his day, this new week became a very crowded city, so that in time the name Pekanbaru was better known than Senapelan. [6] [7] On June 23, 1784, based on the "Council of Ministers" deliberation of the Siak Sultanate, which consisted of four tribes (Pesisir, Limapuluh, Tanah Datar, and Kampar), this area was named Pekanbaru, and later celebrated as the anniversary of this city [ 8] [7].

Based on Besluit van Het Inlandsch Zelfbestuur van Siak No.1 dated 19 October1919, Pekanbaru became part of the district of the Siak Sultanate. But in 1931, Pekanbaru was incorporated into the Kampar Kiri region headed by a controleur based in Pekanbaru and having a landschap status until 1940. Then it became the capital of the Kampar Kiri Training Center until 1942. [9] After the Japanese occupation on 8 March 1942, Pekanbaru is headed by a military governor called gokung.

After Indonesia's independence, based on the Decree of the Governor of Sumatra on May 17, 1946 Medal No. 103, Pekanbaru was made an autonomous region called Haminte or Kotapraja. [7] Then on March 19, 1956, based on Law No. 8 of 1956 of the Republic of Indonesia, Pekanbaru (Pakanbaru) became a small-town autonomous region within the Central Sumatra Province. [10] Furthermore, since August 9, 1957 based on the Emergency Law No. 19 of 1957 of the Republic of Indonesia, Pekanbaru entered the newly formed Riau Province. [11] The city of Pekanbaru officially became the capital of Riau Province on January 20, 1959 based on the Minister of Home Affairs Decree number 52 / I / 44-25 [7] previously the capital city was Tanjungpinang [12] (now the capital of Riau Islands Province).

6.BENGKULU

Various versions that we can find about the origin of the name Bengkulu. Some take from stories and legends, and some take it through chronological time.

The prehistoric age of Bengkulu has been inhabited by humans. The migrants from Asia mingled with ancient humans around 4000 - 2000 BC. Some enter the interior, while others inhabit the coastal area. This is the forerunner of the Neo-Malayan tribe. Parts of the ethnic group include: the Rejang tribe (Rejang Lebong and South Bengkulu), Serawai / Pasemah (South Bengkulu), Kaur (Bintuhan), Lembak in the City of Bengkulu and around Kepala Curup). Bengkulu (Kota Bengkulu) and tribe Katahun (Muko-muko).

Early Arrival of Islam edit source]

Islam entered Bengkulu in the XV century (from Java). The Bengkulu-Aceh War occurred twice in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The sultanates in Bengkulu at that time: Selebar, Sungai Limau, and Sungai Anak. The Aceh Fleet opened an attack on Selebar. The Aceh aircraft carrier waits in the sea with the main forces, while smaller vessels enter the Serut River. The Broadband was able to withstand the attack because it closed the Serut River with obstacles so that the Aceh mother ship was unable to provide assistance to its troops who first entered.

Entry of Colonialism [edit] edit source]

• 1664 - VOC establishes representation in Bengkulu, but six years later the Dutch temporarily closes its office and reopens in 1824.

• June 24, 1685 The British enter Bengkulu, but they land on Pulau Tikus (1 km from the city center of Bengkulu) and are welcomed by their trade agents. They did not enter the Selebar harbor (Baai Island area) because the Sultan of Banten ship and the Dutch ship were leaning there.

• 16 August 1695 The UK-Bengkulu agreement is signed. It contained the monopoly of pepper, permission to build a lodge, and prosecute residents who made mistakes. Britain continues to expand its territory to Muko-muko.

• 1692 England establishes a post in Triamang, Lais, Ketahun, Ipuh, Bantal, Seblat (1700), then In 1701 they expand the area towards Seluma, Manna, Kaur, and Krui.

• 1718 Britain builds the Marlborough fortress, York fortress was established. Bengkulu people are a threat to Britain. In Bantal, Muko-muko, popular uprisings led by Sultan Mansyur and Sultan Sulaiman. That is why the British feel the need to build the fortress. The rebellion (1719) worried Britain and finally left Bengkulu.

• 1724 Britain returns. With a softer agreement signed on April 17, 1724

• December 15, 1793 Captain Hamilton, leader of the British Navy was killed by the people of Bengkulu. And in 1807 the people of Bengkulu again killed Resident Thomas Parr.

• March 17, 1824 London Treaty (Agreement of London) containing the exchange of colonies between England and the Netherlands. Listed, Bengkulu was handed over to the Dutch by the British and the Dutch handed Singapore to England.

In the course of Indonesia's history, Bengkulu Province also had a prominent role. According to Prof. DR. Haji Abdullah Siddik (History of Bengkulu: 1500-1990, Balai Pustaka, 1996), in the colonial era, Bengkulu had seized the attention of the colonized Western countries, mainly because of its abundant earth yields. In 1511 European traders, especially Britain and the Netherlands, began to bust their voyages along the west coast of Sumatra from Aceh, through South Sunda and then to Banten.

In 1685, the reason for the expansion of the English pepper garden began to settle in Bengkulu. That's when the era of forced cultivation of pepper began against the people. Recorded, Inggirs survived 139 years in Bengkulu. The suffering of the people of Bengkulu continued with the transfer of power from Britain to the Netherlands, in 1724, as a consequence of their agreement (London Treaty). Even the invaders' cruelty peaked when Japan took control of the country.

This occupation without humanity does not only cause suffering to the people. But it also aroused resistance due to the trampling of noble values ​​and the noble traditions of the surrounding community. More than a century later, heroic action against colonialism can still be witnessed. The contribution of the people of Bengkulu to Indonesian independence cannot be simply eliminated. Included in the period of maintaining independence.

February 23, 1942 Japan entered the city of Curup and continued to the city of Bengkulu and many massacred the people.

After-Independence Period edit source]

Bengkulu, which was designated as a province on November 18, 1968, now has ten districts / cities, namely the City of Bengkulu, Rejang Lebong Regency, Lebong Regency, Kepahiang Regency, North Bengkulu Regency, Mukomuko Regency, Bengkulu Tengah Regency, South Bengkulu Regency, Kaur Regency and Seluma Regency.

Bengkulu is also one of the links that is always recorded by hist

7.JAMBI

Jambi City (Malay: Jawi كوتا جمبي) is a city in Indonesia and is also the capital of Jambi Province, Indonesia. Jambi City is split by a river called Batanghari, the two regions are connected by a bridge called Aur Duri Bridge. Jambi City has an area of ​​about 205.38 km² with a population of 610,854 people (2018).

The symbol of Jambi City is in the form of a shield with a tapered part below surrounded by three lines with the color of the outside white, the middle is green, and the outside is white. The green line that surrounds the symbol at the top is wider and inside is the inscription of "Jambi City" which symbolizes the name of the area and is flanked by two white five-pointed stars. It symbolizes the condition of the social life of the people of Jambi which consists of various tribes and religions, has faith in God Almighty

The motto of Jambi City is the Land of Selecting Pesako Indeed philosophically it implies that the city of Jambi as the center of city administration as well as the center of social, economic, cultural, reflects the soul of its people as ambassadors of both individuals, families and groups as well as institutionally broader; adhering to and adhering to the values ​​of customs and customary law as well as applicable laws and regulations.

History [edit] edit source]

The city of Jambi was established on May 28, 1401 and was formed as a municipal autonomous regional government based on the provisions of the Governor of Sumatra number 103/1946, dated May 17, 1946. It was later upgraded to a large city based on Law number 9 of 1956 concerning the establishment of large urban autonomous regions in the environment Central Sumatra province area. [1] Then the city of Jambi officially became the capital of the province of Jambipada on January 6, 1957 based on Law number 61 of 1958.

8.PANGKAL PINANG

Pangkalpinang is one of the autonomous regions located in the eastern part of Bangka Island. Administratively on February 9, 2001 Pangkalpinang City was designated as the capital of Bangka Belitung Islands Province. The formation of Pangkalpinang began since the order of Sultan Susuhanan Ahmad Najamuddin Adi Kesumo, who ruled on 17 September 1757, to Abang Pahang entitled Tumenggung Dita Menggala and to Depati and Inner Persons and to the Krios in Bangka Island to look for a base or a place as a place the position of Demang and Jenang which will be in charge of supervising the tin mining trenches, supervising workers called mine workers from China, Slam, Kocin and Melayu and supervising the distribution of tin from mining trenches to Kesultanana Pelembang Darussalam.

Among Pangkal or pengkal established at that time were Pangkal Bendul, Bijat, Bunut, Rambat, Sungai Buluh Trench, Tempilang, Lajang, Sungailiat, Cegal, Pangkal Koba, Balar, Toboali and Pangkalpinang. After the founding of Pangkal and Pengkal, the Sultan of Palembang appointed and sent Demang and Jenang directly from Palembang to immediately serve in the respective Pangkal or Pengkal. Generally, Demang and Jenang who were appointed by the Sultan of Palembang came from the family and closest relatives of the Sultan of Palembang.

In Etymology, Pangkalpinang comes from two words, Pangkal or Pengkal and Pinang (areca chatecu). Pengkal or Pangkal which means Bangka Malay means, the center or the beginning as the center of tin association which later developed means that it is the center of the district, the city where the market is located, the berth of the ship or boat and the center of all activities and activities begins, while the Pinang tree is a kind of palm growing in the Pacific region, Asia and eastern Africa. Areca nut is also the name of the fruit traded by people.

9.BANDAR LAMPUNG    

Bandar Lampung City (Lampung Script:) is a city in Indonesia as well as the capital and largest city in Lampung Province. Bandar Lampung is also the third largest and most populous city on the island of Sumatra after Medan and Palembang by population, and is one of the major cities in Indonesia and the most populous city outside of Java.

Geographically, the city is the main gateway of Sumatra island, precisely approximately 165 km northwest of Jakarta, has an important contribution in land transportation and logistics distribution activities from Jawamenuju Sumatra and vice versa.

Bandar Lampung City has a land area of 169.21 km² which is divided into 20 Districts and 126 Villages with a population of 1,015,910 [6] souls (based on 2017 data). At present the city of Bandar Lampung is a service, trade and economic center in Lampung province. 

The area of ​​Bandar Lampung City in the colonial era of the Dutch East Indies included the Telokbetong Onder Afdeling region which was formed based on the 1912 Staatsbalat Number: 462 which consisted of the Capital of Telokbetong itself and the surrounding areas. Prior to 1912, the Telokbetong capital included Tanjungkarang, which was located about 5 km north of Telokbetong City (Encyclopedie Van Nedderland Indie, D.C.STIBBE part IV).

The capital of Telokbetong Onder Afdeling is Tanjungkarang, while the City of Telokbetong itself is the capital of the residency of Lampung. Both cities are not included in the Verband clan, but stand alone and are headed by a Demang Assistant who submits to Hoof Van Plaatsleyk Bestuur as the Head of Onder Afdeling Telokbetong.

Japanese Occupation (1942-1945) [edit | edit source]

During the Japanese occupation, the city of Tanjungkarang-Telokbetong was used as a shi (city) under the leadership of a shichō (Japanese) and assisted by a fukushichō (Indonesian).

Indonesian Independence Period [edit | edit source] 

The Bandar Lampung City Development Parade in the 1940s, currently on Jalan Kartini.

Since the time of the Republic of Indonesia Independence, Tanjungkarang City and Telokbetong City became part of South Lampung Regency until the issuance of Law No. 22 of 1948 which separated the two cities from South Lampung Regency and was introduced to the term Tanjungkarang-Telukbetung.

Geographically, Telukbetung is located in the south of Tanjungkarang, because it is on the road marking, Telukbetung which is used as a benchmark for the provincial capital. Telukbetung, Tanjungkarang and Panjang (and Kedaton) were areas in 1984 merged into one unit of Bandar Lampung City, considering that all three had no clear separation boundaries.

In its subsequent development, the status of Tanjungkarang City and Telukbetung City continued to change and experienced several expansion until in 1965 after the Lampung Residency was upgraded its status became Lampung Province (based on Law Number 18 of 1965), the City of Tanjungkarang-Telukbetung changed to the Municipality of the Level Region II Tanjungkarang-Telukbetung and at the same time become the capital of Lampung Province.

Based on Government Regulation No. 24 of 1983, the Municipality of Level II of the Tanjungkarang-Telukbetung Municipality was changed to the Bandar Lampung Regional Level II Municipality (State Gazette of 1983 Number 30, Supplement to the State Gazette Number 3254). Then based on the Decree of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 43 of 1998 concerning changes in the system of official manuscripts within the District / Municipality Government of the Second Level Region of Indonesia which was then followed up with the Decree of Mayor of Bandar Lampung number 17 of 1999 there was a change in the name of "Municipal Government of the Level Region II Bandar Lampung "becomes the" City Government of Bandar Lampung "and is still used today.

Anniversary of Bandar Lampung City [edit | edit source]

The anniversary of the city of Bandar Lampung was determined based on historical sources that had been collected, - it was noted that based on reports from the Resident of Banten, William Craft, to Governor General Cornelis based on the statement of Prince Aria Dipati Ningrat (Ambassador of the Sultanate) submitted to him on June 17, 1682, which included : "Lampong Telokbetong on the seashore is the seat of a State Dipati Temenggung Nata which supervises 3,000 people" (Deghregistor made and maintained by the VOC leader page 777 etc.) -, Based on Staabat Number: 10/1873 (Beslit Gouvenur General) dated 8 April 1873 number 15 concerning the Distribution of the Lampung Residency to 6 Afdiling TelokBetong with the Capital of TelokBetong (The Source of Books at a Glance at Bandar Lampung City) and the results of the Tanjungkarang City-Telukbetung Anniversary symposium on 18 November 1982 and the Regional Regulation Number 5 of 1983 dated 26 February 1983 that the City of Bandar's Anniversary Lampung is June 17, 1682.

10.JAKARTA HISTORY

See also: Sunda Kelapa, the Kingdom of Sunda and the History of Batavia

Map of Batavia (now Jakarta) in 1888.

The names that were given to the city of Jakarta

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This tag is given on September 2018

• Sunda Kelapa (397-1527)

• Jayakarta (1527–1619)

• Batavia (1619-1942)

• Jakarta (1987-1999, 1998-present)

• Capital of DKI Jakarta (1998-present)

• Jakarta Special Capital Region (1998-present)

Etymology

The name Jakarta has been used since the Japanese occupation in 1942, to refer to the former GemeenteBatavia region which was inaugurated by the Dutch East Indies government in 1905. [10] The name "Jakarta" is short for the word Jayakarta (Dewanagari script: araक yaitu), which is a Sanskrit name given by Demak and Cirebon people under the leadership of Fatahillah (Faletehan) after attacking and successfully occupying the port of Sunda Kelapa on June 22, 1527 from Portuguese. This name is translated as "city of victory" or "city of glory", but actually means "victory achieved by an act or effort" because it comes from two Sanskrit words namely Jaya (जय) which means "victory" [11] and Karta (कृत ) which means "achieved". [12]

Another form of spelling of the name of this city has long been used. The Portuguese historian, João de Barros, in Décadas da Ásia (1553) mentions the existence of "Xacatara with another name Caravam (Karawang)". A document (charter) from Banten (c. 1600) read by epigraphist Van der Tuuk has also called the term wong Jaketra, [13] as well as the name of Jaketra also mentioned in the letters of the Sultan of Banten [14] and Sajarah Banten (pupuh 45 and 47) [15] as Hoessein Djajadiningrat examined. Cornelis de Houtman's report in 1596 referred to Pangeran Wijayakrama as koning van Jacatra (king of Jakarta).

Sunda Kelapa (397-1527)

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This tag is given on September 2018

Jakarta was first known as one of the Sunda Kingdom ports called Sunda Kalapa (Sundanese Script: ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮜᮕ), located at the mouth of the Ciliwung River. The capital of the Kingdom of Sunda known as Dayeuh Pakuan Padjadjaran or Pajajaran (now Bogor) can be reached from the Sunda port of Kalapa for two days. According to Portuguese sources, Sunda Kalapa is one of the ports owned by the Sunda Kingdom besides the ports of Banten, Pontang, Cigede, Tamgara and Cimanuk. Sunda Kalapa which in this text is called Kalapa is considered the most important port because it can be taken from the royal capital called Dayo (in modern Sundanese: dayeuh which means "capital") within two days. The Sunda Kingdom itself is a continuation of the Tarumanagara Kingdom in the 5th century so that this port is estimated to have existed since the 5th century and is thought to be the capital of Tarumanagara called Sundapura (Sanskrit meaning "City of Sunda").

In the 12th century, this port was known as the busy port of pepper. Foreign ships from China, Japan, South India and the Middle East have docked at this port carrying items such as porcelain, coffee, silk, cloth, perfume, horses, wine, and dyes to be exchanged for spices. spices that became a commercial commodity at the time.

Jayakarta (1527–1619)

Inscription of the Sunda-Portugal Agreement at the National Museum, Jakarta

The Portuguese were the first European nation to come to Jakarta. In the 16th century, Surawisesa, the Sunda king requested Portuguese assistance in Malacca to establish a fortress in Sunda Kelapa as a protection from the possibility of the Cirebon attack which would separate from the Kingdom of Sunda. The effort to request Surawisesa assistance to the Portuguese in Malacca was perpetuated by the Sundanese in the story of the poetry of the Mundinglaya Dikusumah temple, where Surawisesa was mated with the name of his title, Mundinglaya. But before the establishment of the fortress, Cirebon was assisted by Demak to directly attack the port. The establishment of Jakarta's anniversary on June 22 by Sudiro, the mayor of Jakarta, in 1956 was based on the occupation of the Sunda Kalapa Port by Fatahillah in 1527. Fatahillah changed the name of the city to Jayakarta (aksara Dewanagari: जयकृत) which means "city of victory", Jayakarta comes from two Sanskrit words namely Jaya (जय) which means "victory" [11] and Karta (कृत) which means "achieved". [12] Then Sunan Gunung Jati from the Cirebon Sultanate handed over the government in Jayakarta.

Batavia (1619-1942)

Prince Jayakart's forces handed over Dutch prisoners to Prince Jayakarta.Former stadhuis building or Batavia city hall. This building is now the Jakarta History Museum.This sound file was created from the 2012-05-30 revision, and does not include the latest edits to the article. (Voice assistance)

The Dutch came to Jayakarta around the end of the 16th century, after stopping in Banten in 1596. Jayakarta in the early 17th century was ruled by Pangeran Jayakarta, one of the relatives of the Banten Sultanate. In 1619, the VOC led by Jan Pieterszoon Coen occupied Jayakarta after defeating the forces of the Banten Sultanate and then changing its name to Batavia. During the Dutch colonialization, Batavia developed into a large and important city. (See Batavia). For the construction of cities, the Dutch imported slaves as workers. Most of them come from Bali, Sulawesi, Maluku, China, and the coast of Malabar, India. Some argue that they are what later formed a community known as the Betawi tribe. At that time the area of ​​Batavia only included an area that is currently known as the Old City in North Jakarta. Before the arrival of the slaves, there were already Sundanese people living in the Jayakarta area like the Jatinegara Kaum community. Whereas tribes from immigrant ethnic groups, in the era of Dutch colonialism, formed their respective communities. So in Jakarta there are areas of the former community such as Chinatown, Pekojan, Kampung Melayu, Kampung Bandan, Kampung Ambon, Kampung Bali, and Manggarai.

On October 9, 1740, there was a riot in Batavia with the killing of 5,000 Chinese. With this riot, many Chinese people fled the city and fought against the Dutch. [16] With the completion of Koningsplein (Gambir) in 1818, Batavia developed southwards. On April 1, 1905, two municipalities or gemeente were established in the capital city of Batavia, namely Gemeente Batavia and Meester Cornelis. In 1920, the Dutch built the park town of Menteng, and this area became a new place for Dutch officials to replace Molenvliet in the north. In 1935, Batavia and Meester Cornelis (Jatinegara) were integrated into a Greater Jakarta area. [17]

On January 1, 1926 the Dutch East Indies government issued a regulation for the renewal of a wider decentralization and deconcentration system. In Java, provincial autonomous governments were formed. Provincie West Java was the first province formed in the Java region which was formalized with a decree dated January 1, 1926, and promulgated in the Staatsblad (State Gazette) 1926 No. 326, 1928 No. 27 jo No. 28, 1928 No. 438, and 1932 No. 507. Batavia became one of the residencies in Provincie West Java in addition to Banten, Buitenzorg (Bogor), Priangan and Cirebon.

Djakarta (1942-1945)

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The Japanese occupation began in 1942 and changed the name Batavia to Djakarta to attract the population in World War II. The city was also the place where the Proclamation of Independence of the Republic of Indonesia was held on August 17, 1945 and occupied by the Dutch until the recognition of sovereignty in 1949.

Jakarta

Since independence until before 1959, Djakarta is part of the West Java Province. In 1959, the status of the City of Djakarta underwent a change from a municipality under the mayor being upgraded to a first-level area (Dati I) led by the governor. The first governor was Soemarno Sosroatmodjo, an army doctor. The appointment of the Governor of DKI at that time was carried out directly by President Sukarno. In 1961, the status of Djakarta was changed from the Level One Region to the Special Capital Region (DKI) and the governor was still held by Sumarno. [18]

Since it was declared as the capital city, Jakarta's population has soared rapidly due to the need for government labor that is almost all centralized in Jakarta. Within 5 years the population doubled more than twice. Various middle-class settlements have only developed, such as Kebayoran Baru, Cempaka Putih, Pulo Mas, Tebet, and Pejompongan. Settlement centers are also built independently by various state-owned ministries and institutions such as Perumnas.

11.BANDUNG HISTORY

The history of Bandung City officially began during the Dutch East Indies colonial rule, in the 19th century. The city of Bandung was founded by and on the will (policy) of the 6th Bandung Regent, R.A. Wiranatakusumah II (1794-1829). [1] However, the founding process was accelerated by the order of the 36th Dutch East Indies Governor-General, Herman Willem Daendels (1808-1811) with a decree (besluit) on September 25, 1810, so that September 25 was considered the anniversary of the city of Bandung ".

Bandung Purba [edit | edit source]

In the Tertiary Age of the Oligocene Kala (27 million years ago), the island of Java is currently still part of the shallow sea which extends from Rajamand to the Pelabuhan Ratu. Evidence of this is the discovery of ancient coral reefs in the limestone hills of the Citatah karst area, Rajamandala. The process of lifting the earth's crust over millions of years forms folds, faults and cracks, so that the northern coast of Java Island is at the Pangalengan point. [2] The elevated limestone hills also underwent a dissolution and karstification process, which formed water channels that continued to grow into underground rivers and caves, including Sanghyang Poek Cave, Bancana Cave and Pawon Cave.

About four million years ago (Kala Pliosen) volcanic activity occurred south of Cimahi. In that place appeared several mountains such as Mount Lagadar, Mount Selacau, Mount Lalakon, Mount Paseban, Mount Singa, Mount Pasir Pancir and others.

Over time, volcanic activity shifts to the north. In the Late Pleistocene Period (around 500,000 years ago), ancient Sunda Mountain in the northern part of Bandung now erupted many times, so it collapsed and formed the Sunda Caldera which was lined with hills in North and East Bandung. This form of nature is the forerunner of the present Bandung Basin area. At the same time there was a Lembang Fault stretching from the west (Cisarua, Lembang) to the east (Mount Manglayang).

Tangkuban Parahu seen from Pelantung (lithography based on J. S. G. Gramberg's painting in 1865-1872)

About 125,000 years ago there was an eruption of Tangkuban Parahu Mountain many times. The eruption material partly fills the Lembang Fault, and partly damages the ancient Ci Tarum river north of Padalarang to form Situ Hyang or Bandung Purba Lake in the Bandung Basin which extends from Cicalengka in the east to Padalarang in the west and from Dago Hill in the north to Soreang in the south.

The next eruption occurred about 55,000 years ago, the eruption material flowed to the south, covering a very large area and separating Lake Purba Bandung into two parts, namely West Bandung Purba Lake and East Purba Bandung Lake.

When Bandung became a very large lake, its puddle began to erode the cliffs on the west side hills. The earthquake on the fault line which cut a lot of the Bandung Basin has provided a way for water to break into Bandung Purba Lake. The release of lake water occurred when entering the gaps between Pasir Kiara and Pasir Larang until Situ Hyang finally shrank in a narrow valley known as Cukang Rahong for West Bandung Purba Lake, and Jompong Waterfall for East Bandung Purba Lake. [3]

Ancient Man Bandung Basin [edit] edit source]

Collection of ancient Bandung objects at the Bandung Geological Museum

The Bandung Basin has been inhabited by humans at least 9,000 years ago. At the end of 2003, four fossils of whole skeletons of Homo sapiens in the Pawon Cave (north of Padalarang) were found, estimated to be 9,000 years old. [4]

Pawon Cave is the first cave in the western part of Java Island, as a place for the discovery of prehistoric human skeletons. According to French archaeologist Jean-Christophe Galipaude (August 2009), this skeleton is very likely the oldest human skeleton ever found in western Indonesia. In Gua Pawon there were also 22,000 artifacts in the form of obsidian bracelets, axes and various obsidian stones. Goa is thought to be a place to live as well as an ancient human cemetery.

In addition to the western region (Gua Pawon), Ancient human settlements around the Bandung Basin are also found in the north, northeast and south of the Bandung Basin. This is evidenced by the discovery of various ancient artifacts, such as axes, arrowheads and spear eyes made of obsidian, bronze spear eyes, clay molds for casting and fragments of ancient pottery ceramics. The artifacts were found, among others, in Dago Pakar, Pasir Kiara Janggot, Pasir Panyandaan, Darmaga, Gunung Singa and Gunung Sadu.

12.SURABAYA HISTORY

 (Java: Suroboyo / ꦯꦸꦫꦧꦪ, Madura: Sorěbějě / سَورَبَجَا) is the capital of East Java Province, Indonesia, as well as the largest metropolitan city in the province. Surabaya is the second largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta. The city is located 796 km east of Jakarta, or 415 km northwest of Denpasar, Bali. Surabaya is located on the north coast of eastern Java and faces the Madura Strait and the Java Sea.

Surabaya has an area of ​​approximately 350.54 km² with a population of 2,892,200 people (2018). The Surabaya metropolitan area, Gerbangkertosusila, with a population of around 10 million, is the second largest metropolitan area in Indonesia after Jabodetabek. Surabaya is served by an airport, namely Juanda International Airport, as well as two ports, namely Tanjung Perak Port and Ujung Harbor.

Surabaya is known as the City of Heroes because its history is highly calculated in the struggle of Arek-Arek Suroboyo (Surabaya Youths) in defending the independence of the Indonesian people from invaders. Surabaya also had the chance to become the largest city in the Dutch East Indies and became a trading center in the archipelago that was parallel to Hong Kong and Shanghai in its time.

The word Surabaya (Old Javanese: rūrabhaya) is often interpreted philosophically as a symbol of the struggle between land and water. In addition, from the word Surabaya also emerged the myth of the battle between fish sura / suro (shark) and middle / boyo (crocodile), which led to the notion that the formation of the name "Surabaya" appeared after the battle.

The origin of Surabaya

Historical evidence shows that Surabaya existed well before the colonial era, as stated in the Trowulan I inscription, dated 1358 AD. It was revealed in the inscription that Surabaya (Churabhaya) was still a village on the banks of the Brantas river and also as one of the important crossings along the area. Brantas river flow. Surabaya is also listed in the Kakawin Nagarakretagama literature written by Empu Prapañca which tells about Raja Hayam Wuruk's cruise in 1365 AD in pupuh XVII (5th verse, last line).

Although the oldest written evidence includes the name Surabaya with the years 1358 M (Trowulan Inscription) and 1365 M (Nagarakretagama), experts suspect that the Surabaya area already existed before those years. According to the opinion of the German Surabaya culturalist Von Faber, the Surabaya region was established in 1275 AD by King Kertanegara as a new settlement for his soldiers who succeeded in suppressing the Kemuruhan rebellion in 1270 AD. Others argue that Surabaya was an area called Ujung Galuh.

Another version says, Surabaya comes from the story of a life-and-death fight between Adipati Jayengrono and Sawunggaling. That said, after defeating the Mongol Empire's troops, the envoy Kublai Khan or known as the Tartar army, Raden Wijaya founded a palace in Ujung Galuh and placed Adipati Jayengrono to lead the area. Over time because of mastering the science of crocodile, Jayengrono was increasingly strong and independent, thus threatening the sovereignty of the Majapahit Kingdom. To conquer Jayengrono, Sawunggaling was sent to master the science of sura.

The power of magic was carried out on the banks of the Kali Mas, in the Peneleh area. The fight lasted for seven days and seven nights and ended tragically, because both died after losing power.

The name rūrabhaya itself was confirmed as the official name in the 14th century by the ruler Ujung Galuh, Arya Lêmbu Sora.

13. JOGJAKARTA HISTORY

            The existence of Yogyakarta City cannot be separated from the existence of the Yogyakarta Sultanate. Prince Mangkubumi, who fought for the sovereignty of the Mataram Kingdom from Dutch influence, was the younger brother of Sunan Paku Buwana II. After going through a long struggle, on Thursday Kliwon on the 29th of Rabiulakhir 1680 or coinciding with February 13, 1755, Prince Mangkubumi who had the title Susuhunan Kabanaran signed the Giyanti Agreement or often referred to as Palihan Nagari. Palihan Nagari is the starting point for the existence of the Yogyakarta Sultanate. At that time Susuhunan Kabanaran then held the title Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana Senopati Ing Ngalaga Abdurrahman Sayidin Panatagama Kalifatullah Ingkang Jumeneng Kaping I. After the Giyanti Agreement, Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana was proud at Ambarketawang while waiting for the physical construction of the palace.

      A month after the signing of the Giyanti Agreement on Thursday Pon 29th Jumadilawal 1680 or 13 March 1755, Sultan Hamengku Buwana I proclaimed the establishment of the Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Sultanate with the capital city of Ngayogyakarta and had half of the territory of the Mataram Kingdom. This proclamation took place in Pesanggrahan Ambarketawang and was known as Hadeging Nagari Dalem Kasultanan Mataram - Ngayogyakarta. On Thursday Pon on the 3rd day of 1681 or coinciding with October 9, 1755, Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana I ordered the building of Ngayogyakarta Palace in Pacethokan Village in Beringan Forest which was originally named Garjitawati.

      The construction of the Yogyakarta Sultanate's capital city takes one year. On Thursday, the 13th of Sura 1682 coincided with October 7, 1756, Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana I and his family moved or Boyongan from Pesanggrahan Ambarketawan entered the Ngayogyakarta Palace. This displacement event was marked by the sengkala candlesticks memet Dwi Single Rasa Dragon in the form of two dragons whose two tails were wrapped around each other and carved on banon / renteng kelir baturana Kagungan Dalem Regol Kemagangan and Regol Gadhung Mlathi. This momentum of displacement is used as the basis for determining Yogyakarta City Anniversary because from that time on various kinds of supporting facilities and buildings to accommodate government activities both social, political, economic, cultural and residential activities began to be built gradually. Based on all that, Yogyakarta City Anniversary was determined on October 7, 2009 and strengthened by Yogyakarta City Regulation Number 6 of 2004.

Bogor City (Sunda: ᮊᮧᮒ ᮘᮧᮌᮧᮁ) is a city in West Java Province, Indonesia. The city is located 59 km south of Jakarta, and the area is in the middle of Bogor Regency. Formerly the area was 21.56 km², but now has grown to 118.50 km² and the population is 1,030,720 people (2014). Bogor is known as the city of rain, because it has very high rainfall. The city of Bogor consists of 6 subdistricts which are further divided into 68 villages. During the Dutch Colonial era, Bogor was known as Buitenzorg (pronounced: boit'n-zôrkh ", bœit'-) which meant" without anxiety "or" safe peace ".

The anniversary of Bogor Regency and Bogor City is commemorated every June 3, because June 3, 1482 is the day of the coronation of King Siliwangi as king of the Kingdom of Pajajaran.

Bogor (meaning "enau") has long been known as a national agricultural education and research center. This is where various agricultural and biological research institutes and halls have been established since the 19th century. One of them is, Bogor Agricultural Institute, established since the beginning of the 20th century.

The city of Bogor has many tourist icons, one of which is the Bogor Botanical Gardens which is surrounded by a new sports facility "Jogging" by Bogor residents since the Bima Arya mayor fixes the pedestrian around the Bogor Botanical Gardens to be wider and more attractive.

14.BOGOR HISTORY

Bogor judging from its history is the place where the Kingdom of Hindu Tarumanagara was founded in the fifth century. Several other kingdoms then chose to settle in the same place because of the mountainous area which naturally made this location easy to withstand the threat of attack, and at the same time was a fertile area and had easy access to trade centers at that time. But until now, based on research conducted by several well-known archaeologists such as Prof. Uka Tjandrasasmita, the existence of important places and sites that stated the existence of the kingdom.

Sunda Kingdom [edit] edit source]

Among the inscriptions found in Bogor about past kingdoms, one of the inscriptions in 1533, tells of the power of King Prabu Surawisesa from the Kingdom of Sunda. This inscription is believed to have supernatural and sacred power, so it has been preserved until now. The kingdom of Pajajaran has the influence of power not only in the area of ​​West Java, Jakarta and Banten but also covers the area of ​​Lampung. The Sunda Kingdom, which has its capital at Pajajaran, also covers the southern part of the island of Sumatra. After Pajajaran was demolished by the Banten Sultanate, power over the southern region of Sumatra was continued by the Sultanate of Banten. [2]

Pakuan or Pajajaran which is the capital of the government of the Kingdom of Sunda (which is often referred to as the Pajajaran Kingdom according to the name of its capital) is believed to be located in the city of Bogor, and became the center of the government of King Siliwangi (Sri Baduga Maharaja Ratu Haji I Pakuan Pajajaran) which was crowned on June 3, 1482. His coronation day was inaugurated as the anniversary of Bogor in 1973 by the DPRD of the Regency and City of Bogor, and is celebrated annually to date.

15.BANJARMASIN HISTORY

Banjarmasih is the name of a village inhabited by Malay tribes. This village is located in the northern part of the Kuin river estuary, namely the Kuin Utara and South Alalak villages. Banjarmasih village was formed by five small rivers, namely Sipandai river, Sigaling river, Keramat river, Jagabaya river and Prince river which all met to form a lake. The word banjar comes from the Malay language, which means village or also means rows as the location of village housing lined the banks of the river. Banjarmasih means the village of the Malays, the name of the Ngaju people (Suku Barangas) who inhabit the surrounding villages.

The inhabitants of Banjarmasih are known as Oloh Masih, which means Malays, the term by Oloh Ngaju (oloh = people, ngaju = upstream). The leader of the community is still called Patih Masih whose real name is unknown. According to Hikayat Banjar, when it became the capital of the kingdom (1520), Banjarmasin had a trading port called Bandar which was located on the banks of the Martapura river upstream from the mouth of the river Kelayan. [Citation needed]

Keraton Banjarmasih 1526-1612

Traditional Houses of Banjarmasin City

In the 16th century the kingdom of Banjarmasih emerged with the first king Raden Samudera, an escape who was threatened by his uncle Pangeran Tumenggung who became king of the Kingdom of Daha a Hindu kingdom in the pedalam (Hulu Sungai). Prince Tumenggung's hatred occurred when Maharaja Sukarama was still living intellectually so that his grandson Raden Samudera would later replace him as king. Raden Samudera itself is the son of Puteri Galuh Intan Sari, daughter of Maharaja Sukarama. With the help of Arya Taranggana, the Daha state mangkubumi, Raden Samudera fled to the lower reaches of the Barito river which at that time contained several villages including Banjarmasih village.

Patih Masih and the patih (village heads) agreed to pick up Raden Samudera who was hiding in Belandean village and after successfully capturing Bandar Muara Bahan in the Bakumpai area, namely the Daha state trading port and moving the trade center to Banjarmasih along with the residents and traders, then crowned Raden Samudera became king with the title Prince of the Ocean. This caused war and the demarcation line and economic blockade from the coast to the interior occurred. Pangeran Samudera sought military assistance to various coastal areas of Kalimantan, namely Kintap, Satui, Swarangan, Asam Asam, Laut Pulo, Pamukan, Pasir, Kutai, Berau, Karasikan, Biaju, Sebangau, Mendawai, Sampit, Pembuang, Kota Waringin, Sukadana, Lawai and Sambas. This is to deal with the State Kingdom of Daha which is militarily stronger and its population at that time more dense. More important assistance was military assistance from the Demak Sultanate which was only given if the king and the population embraced Islam. The Demak Sultanate and the Walisanga council were preparing strategic alliances to deal with the Portuguese colonial powers that entered the archipelago and had mastered the Malacca Sultanate.

Sultan Trenggono sent a thousand troops and an Islamic leader, namely Khatib Dayan who would Islamize the king of Banjarmasih and his people. Prince Ocean's forces managed to penetrate the enemy's defenses. Mangkubumi Arya Taranggana suggested that the king rather than the people of both sides were many victims, it would be better to win accelerated with a war between the two kings. But in the end Pangeran Tumenggung finally agreed to give up power to the Prince of the Ocean.

With the victory of Prince Samudera and the transport of the people of the state of Daha (upstream people) and residents of Bandar Muara Bahan (people of Bakumpai), a new city emerged, namely Banjarmasih, which previously was only a small population. On September 24, 1526, on the 6th of Zulhijjah 932 H, Pangeran Samudera embraced Islam and was entitled Sultan Suriansyah (1526-1550). Patih's house is still used as a palace, also built paseban, pagungan, sitilohor (sitihinggil), fortress, market and mosque (Sultan Suriansyah Mosque). Kuin river estuary is covered with cerucuk (trucuk) from the ilayung tree to protect the palace from enemy attacks. Near the Kuin river estuary there is the Shahbandar house, Goja Babouw Ratna Diraja, a Gujarat. [13]

Banjarmasih After 1612

Banjarmasih Kingdom grew rapidly, Sultan Suriansyah was succeeded by his son Sultan Rahmatullah 1550-1570, then Sultan Hidayatullah 1570-1620 and Sultan Musta'inbillah 1520-1620. To strengthen the defense against the enemy, Sultan Mustainbillah invited Sorang, the Ngaju Dayak tribal warlord and ten other people to live in the palace. One converted to Islam and married a sultan's brother, maybe he was still a relative of the wife of the Sultan, namely Nyai Siti Diang Lawai whose rice.

16.BALI HISTORY

 The growth of the tourism industry on the island of Bali is pushing Denpasar City to become the center of business activities, and placing the city as an area that has per capita income and high growth in the Province of Bali. [6] The government will prepare three cities, namely Medan, Denpasar and Makassar as new metropolitan cities. The layout of the three cities is included in the National Spatial Plan (Perpres 45/2011). [7] [8].

The name Denpasar derives from the words "den" (north) and "market" so that the overall meaning "North Market". Denpasar was originally a park. But the park is not like a park in general, because it is the favorite park of the Badung King at the time, Kyai Jambe Ksatrya. At that time, Kyai Jambe Ksatrya lived in Puri Jambe Ksatrya, which is now the Satria Market. This park is unique, because it is equipped with a place to play cockfighting. Kyai Jambe Ksatrya's hobby is playing cockfighting, therefore it is not uncommon for the king to invite other kings in Bali to play cockfighting in the park. [9]

Previously this area was part of the Badung Kingdom, an empire that had been established since the 19th century, before the kingdom was subjugated by the Dutch on September 20, 1906, in a heroic event known as the Puputan Badung War. [10]

After Indonesian independence, based on Law Number 69 of 1958, Denpasar became the capital city of the Badung Regency government, then based on the Decree of the Minister of Home Affairs Number Dec.52 / 2 / 36-136 dated June 23, 1960, Denpasar was also designated as the capital for the Province of Bali which was originally based in Singaraja. [11]

Then based on Government Regulation Number 20 of 1978, Denpasar officially became '' Denpasar Administrative City '', and in line with the capabilities and potential of the region in organizing regional autonomy, on January 15, 1992, based on Law No. 1 of 1992, and the City of Denpasar the status was increased to '' municipality '', which was later formalized by the Minister of the Interior on February 27, 1992.

16.MALUKU HISTORY

Maluku is a province that covers the southern part of the Maluku Islands, Indonesia. The historical trajectory of Maluku has begun since the time of the major kingdoms in the Middle East like the Egyptian kingdom led by Pharaoh. Evidence that the history of Maluku is the oldest in Indonesia is a record of clay tablets found in Persia, Mesopotamia, and Egypt mentions the existence of a country from the east that is very rich, is a land of heaven, with natural produce in the form of cloves, gold and pearls, the area is none other and not not the land of Maluku which is indeed the center of producing Pala, Fuli, Clove and Pearl. Pala and Fuli are easily available from Banda Islands, Cloves are easily found in countries in Ambon, Lease Islands (Saparua, Haruku & Nusa laut) and Nusa Ina and Mutiara are produced in considerable quantities in Dobo City, Aru Islands .

The capital of Maluku is Ambon which has a title or has the nickname as Ambon Manise, Ambon city stands in the southern part of the island of Ambon on the Leitimur peninsula. There is a discourse that Ambon City of Manise has become increasingly crowded, crowded, and no longer feasible to accommodate a sharp increase in the number of people who are mothers of the Provincial Province will become ordinary cities because the capital city is planned to move to Makariki in Central Maluku Regency.

The province's population in 2010 in the census results amounted to 1,533,506 people. Maluku is located in Eastern Indonesia. Directly adjacent to North Maluku and West Papua in the north, Maluku Sea, Central Sulawesi, and Southeast Sulawesi in the west, Banda Sea, Timor Leste, and East Nusa Tenggara in the south as well as the Aru Sea and Papua in the east.

Maluku has 2 main religions, namely Islam which is followed by 50.61% of Maluku population and Christianity (both Protestant and Catholic) which is followed by 48.4% of the population of Maluku. [1] Maluku is recorded in the memory of world history because of the conflict or tragedy of the humanitarian crisis and the horizontal conflict between the Salam-Sarane basement or between Islam and Christianity better known as the Ambon Tragedy. After 2002, Maluku changed its face to become a friendly and peaceful province in Indonesia, for this the world gave a sign of appreciation in the form of World Peace Gong placed in the ACC (Ambon City Center).

In 1999 when the conflict or tragedy crisis of humanity and horizontal conflict between the bases Salam-Sarane or between Islam and Christianity better known as the Ambon Tragedy hit Maluku, part of Maluku Province was divided into North Maluku Province, with the capital city in Sofifi. However, because the City of Sofifi was considered not ready to become the capital, the interim government center until 2009 was in Ternate City on Ternate Island.

The provinces of Maluku and North Maluku form the largest archipelagic groups in Indonesia known as the Maluku Islands with more than 4,000 islands both large and small.

Semarang City (Java::) (Chinese: 三宝 垄 ·) is the capital of Central Java Province, Indonesia as well as the fifth largest metropolitan city in Indonesia after Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan and Bandung. [3] [4] As one of the most developed cities in Java, Semarang City has a population of nearly 2 million and can reach 2.5 million during the day. In fact, the Kedungsapur Metropolitan Area (Kendal, Demak, Ungaran Semarang Regency, Salatiga City, and Purwodadi Grobogan District) with a population of around 6 million is the fourth most populous Metropolis Region, after Jabodetabek (Jakarta), Gerbangkertosusilo (Surabaya), and Bandung Raya. In recent years, the development of Semarang has also been marked by the emergence of several skyscrapers in several corners of the city. Unfortunately, the rapid population has made traffic jams in the city of Semarang even more congested. The city of Semarang was led by the mayor of Hendrar Prihadi, S.E, M.M. and the deputy mayor of Ir. Hj. Hevearita Gunaryanti Rahayu. The city is located about 558 km east of Jakarta, or 312 km west of Surabaya, or 621 km southwest of Banjarmasin (via air). [5] Semarang is bordered by the Java Sea in the north, Demak Regency in the east, Semarang Regency in the south, and Kendal Regency in the west. City area is 373.67 km2.

The history of Semarang began approximately in the 6th century AD, namely the coastal area called Pragota (now Bergota) and is part of the Ancient Mataram kingdom. The area at that time was a port and in front there was a cluster of small islands. As a result of sedimentation, which until now still continues, the cluster now forms a land. The part of Lower Semarang city that is known today is thus the sea. The port is estimated to be located in the Pasar Bulu area now and extends into Simongan Port, where Admiral Cheng Ho's fleet rested in 1435 AD At the landing site, Admiral Cheng Ho established temples and mosques which are still visited and called Sam Po Kong Temple ( Stone Building).

At the end of the 15th century AD there was someone placed by the Kingdom of Demak, known as Prince Made Pandan (Sunan Pandanaran I), to spread Islam from the hills of Pragota. From time to time the area became more fertile, from the midst of the fertility grew a black, tamarind-like tamarind tree (Javanese: charcoal tamarind), giving it the title or name of the area which later became Semarang.

KPM Office (Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij) in Semarang (1918-1930)

As the founder of the village, he later became the head of the local area, with the title Kyai Ageng Pandan Arang I. After his death, the regional leader was held by his son, Pandan Arang II (later referred to as Sunan Bayat or Sunan Pandanaran II or Sunan Pandanaran Bayat or Ki Ageng Pandanaran or Sunan). Pandanaran only). Under the leadership of Pandan Arang II, the Semarang area increasingly showed an increasing growth, thus attracting the attention of Sultan Hadiwijaya of the Pajang Sultanate. Because the requirements for regional improvement can be met, it was decided to make Semarang the same level as the Regency. On May 2, 1547 it coincided with the anniversary of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, on the 12th of Rabiul Awal in 954 H it was ratified by Sultan Hadiwijaya after consulting with Sunan Kalijaga. The date of May 2 was then set as the anniversary of the city of Semarang. Along with the fall of Pajang into the hands of the Sultanate of Mataram, the Semarang region was included in its territory.

Sam Po Kong Temple

On January 15, 1678 Amangkurat II of the Mataram Sultanate in Kartasura, pawned Semarang and surrounding areas to the VOC as part of its debt repayment [7]. He claimed the Priangan area and taxes from the coastal port until the debt paid off. In 1705 Susuhunan Pakubuwono I finally handed Semarang over to the VOC as part of its agreement because it had been helped to reclaim the Kartasura Palace. Since that time Semarang officially became a city belonging to the VOC and then the Dutch East Indies Government.

In 1906 with Stadblat Number 120 in 1906 the Gemeente government was formed. This big city government is headed by a Burgemeester (Mayor). This system of government held by the Dutch ended in 1942 with the coming of the Japanese occupation government.

In Japan, the Semarang regional government was headed by the Military (Shico (kanji: 市長)) from Japan. Accompanied by two representatives (Fuku Shico (kanji: 副 市長)), each from Japan and an Indonesian. Shortly after independence, from 15 to 20 October 1945 there were heroic events of Semarang youths who fought against Japanese soldiers who insisted they were not willing to surrender to the Republican Army. This struggle is known as the Five-Day Battle.

In 1946 the British on behalf of the Allies surrendered the city of Semarang to the Dutch. This happened on May 16, 1946. On June 3, 1946 with deception, the Dutch arrested Mr. Imam Sudjahri, mayor of Semarang before the proclamation of independence. During the Dutch occupation there was no regional administration of the city of Semarang. But the fighters in the field of government continued to run the government in the hinterland or evacuation areas outside the city until December 1948. Refugee areas moved from Purwodadi, Gubug, Kedungjati, Salatiga, and finally in Yogyakarta. Government leaders were held by R. Patah, R. Prawotosudibyo and Mr. Ichsan. The Dutch occupation government, known as Recomba, tried to reshape the Gemeente government like in the colonial era under the leadership of R Slamet Tirtosubroto. It did not work, because during the recovery period of sovereignty must submit to the Commander KMKB Semarang in February 1950. On April 1 1950 Major Suhardi, Commander of KMKB. handed over the leadership of the Semarang regional government to Mr Koesoedibyono, a high official of the Ministry of the Interior in Yogyakarta. He reconstituted government officials to expedite the running of the government.

17. MALANG HISTORY

(pronounced [malaŋ]) is a city located in East Java Province, Indonesia, [1] the second largest city in East Java [2] after Surabaya, and the 12th largest city in Indonesia. The city was founded during the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan and is located in the highlands covering an area of ​​145.28 km2 [3] which is located in the middle of Malang Regency. [4] Together with Batu City and Malang Regency, Malang City is part of the territorial unit known as Malang Raya.

Malang city is well known for being labeled as a city of education. The city has the best universities such as Universitas Brawijaya [5] and State University of Malang. [5] In addition, the city is a tourism city because of its charming nature surrounded by mountains [6] and the cool air. [7] Malang is also famous as a city of flowers because of the many flowers that adorn the city. [8] The city of Malang is also an art city [9] because of the many distinctive arts of this city, from dance to performances.

Malang City has various kinds of people from various ethnic groups and cultures. The population of Malang City reaches 895,387 people [10] with the majority Javanese, [11] followed by Madura. The metroplitan area of ​​Malang, Malang Raya, is the second largest metropolitan area in East Java after Gerbangkertosusila. If viewed from the cultural side, Malang City is included in the Arek Cultural Area. [12]

Malang City has various historical relics. [13] The city holds the remains of the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan until the Netherlands. [14] Dutch relics in general are in the form of ancient buildings such as the Kayutangan Church with gothic architecture. [15] Malang also held various events to preserve its cultural heritage, one of which was like the Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. [16] Malang also has many historical relics that become landmarks SSSSSsuch as Tugu Malang (Round Square).